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19 pages, 1892 KB

Open AccessArticle

Predictive Modeling for Carbon Footprint Optimization of Prestressed Road Flyovers

by Lorena Yepes-Bellver, Julián Alcalá and Víctor Yepes

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9591; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179591 (registering DOI) - 31 Aug 2025

This study addresses the challenge of minimizing carbon emissions in designing prestressed road flyovers by comparing advanced predictive modeling techniques for surrogate-based optimization. The research develops a two-stage optimization approach. First, a response surface is generated using Latin-hypercube sampling. Second, that response surface [...] Read more.

This study addresses the challenge of minimizing carbon emissions in designing prestressed road flyovers by comparing advanced predictive modeling techniques for surrogate-based optimization. The research develops a two-stage optimization approach. First, a response surface is generated using Latin-hypercube sampling. Second, that response surface is optimized to identify design configurations with the lowest CO₂ emissions. The optimal configuration (deck #37)—base width 3.40 m, deck depth 1.10 m, and concrete grade C-35 MPa—achieved a carbon footprint of 386,515 kg CO₂, representing a reduction of 12% compared to the reference bridge. Among the models tested, the artificial neural network (ANN) achieved the highest predictive accuracy (RMSE = 8372 kg, MAE = 7356 kg), closely followed by the Kriging 1 model (RMSE = 9235 kg, MAE = 7236 kg). Results indicate that emissions remain minimal for deck depths between 1.10 and 1.30 m, base widths between 3.20 and 3.80 m, and concrete grades of C-35 to C-40 MPa. This study provides practical guidelines for reducing the carbon footprint of prestressed bridges and highlights the value of robust surrogate models in sustainable structural optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology Science and Engineering)

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16 pages, 5454 KB

Open AccessArticle

Intraseasonal Variability of Apparent Heat Source over the Arabian Sea and Its Relationship with East Asian Summer Precipitation

by Xuanyu Zhang, Huilin Gu, Wenxi Zhong, Lin Wang and Dongxiao Wang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(9), 1673; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13091673 (registering DOI) - 31 Aug 2025

Abstract

Boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) is highly related to summer monsoon activities, tropical cyclones, flood disasters, and other extreme weather events in the Northern Hemisphere. The propagation of BSISO has considerable complexity. The apparent heat source (Q₁) is the heat generated [...] Read more.

Boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) is highly related to summer monsoon activities, tropical cyclones, flood disasters, and other extreme weather events in the Northern Hemisphere. The propagation of BSISO has considerable complexity. The apparent heat source (Q₁) is the heat generated by radiation, heat conduction, and latent heat release, and their anomalies significantly affect the atmospheric circulation and relevant precipitation. We selected 27 significant events from 30- to 60-day Q₁ anomalies in the northeast Arabian Sea (12–22° N, 66–76° E). K-means cluster analysis was used to further divide significant events into 19 Type-I events and 8 Type-II events. In the equatorial region, the Type-I events have continuous eastward propagation, while the Type-II events have no significant eastward propagation features before −10 days. In East Asia, the northward propagation of the Type-I events is significant and continuous, while there is no northward propagation of the Type-II events. The moisture analyses show that the horizontal advection term plays the most important role in the propagation of convection in most regions. The evaporation term of the Type-I events also plays a significant role in East Asia, and may be related to the difference between the two types of events there. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Oceanography)

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31 pages, 1503 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Games to Understanding: Semantrix as a Testbed for Advancing Semantics in Human–Computer Interaction with Transformers

by Javier Sevilla-Salcedo, José Carlos Castillo Montoya, Álvaro Castro-González and Miguel A. Salichs

Electronics 2025, 14(17), 3480; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14173480 (registering DOI) - 31 Aug 2025

Abstract

Despite rapid progress in natural language processing, current interactive AI systems continue to struggle with interpreting ambiguous, idiomatic, and contextually rich human language, a barrier to natural human–computer interaction. Many deployed applications, such as language games or educational tools, showcase surface-level adaptation but [...] Read more.

Despite rapid progress in natural language processing, current interactive AI systems continue to struggle with interpreting ambiguous, idiomatic, and contextually rich human language, a barrier to natural human–computer interaction. Many deployed applications, such as language games or educational tools, showcase surface-level adaptation but do not systematically probe or advance the deeper semantic understanding of user intent in open-ended, creative settings. In this paper, we present Semantrix, a web-based semantic word-guessing platform, not merely as a game but as a living testbed for evaluating and extending the semantic capabilities of state-of-the-art Transformer models in human-facing contexts. Semantrix challenges models to both assess the nuanced meaning of user guesses and generate dynamic, context-sensitive hints in real time, exposing the system to the diversity, ambiguity, and unpredictability of genuine human interaction. To empirically investigate how advanced semantic representations and adaptive language feedback affect user experience, we conducted a preregistered 2 × 2 factorial study (N = 42), independently manipulating embedding depth (Transformers vs. Word2Vec) and feedback adaptivity (dynamic hints vs. minimal feedback). Our findings revealed that only the combination of Transformer-based semantic modelling and adaptive hint generation sustained user engagement, motivation, and enjoyment; conditions lacking either component led to pronounced attrition, highlighting the limitations of shallow or static approaches. Beyond benchmarking game performance, we argue that the methodologies applied in platforms like Semantrix are helpful for improving machine understanding of natural language, paving the way for more robust, intuitive, and human-aligned AI approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Artificial Intelligence)

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22 pages, 5080 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design Issues and Value Analysis of Modern Stone Slab Coverings

by Ádám Paládi-Kovács and Rita Nemes

Eng 2025, 6(9), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6090209 (registering DOI) - 31 Aug 2025

Abstract

Nowadays, public buildings are clad on the outside, many with stone-clad facades. Energy requirements have changed a lot in the last 20–25 years, and the latest required value of the thermal conductivity of masonry is 0.24 W/m²K. The relevant requirements, available [...] Read more.

Nowadays, public buildings are clad on the outside, many with stone-clad facades. Energy requirements have changed a lot in the last 20–25 years, and the latest required value of the thermal conductivity of masonry is 0.24 W/m²K. The relevant requirements, available materials, and fastening technology options have changed significantly. Our research covers a comprehensive analysis of these systems, the selection of stone cladding materials, and the suitability and use of individual stone types for facade cladding, as well as an energy examination of layered wall systems and the development of fastening elements, including the material structure of the elements and possible design and fastening methods. In the original university research, we also developed an applied technology for several product manufacturing companies in order to obtain approval for industrial application. In this article, we summarize the results of our research, the building structure and building physics issues, the necessary fastening technology design, and the main aspects of selecting stone tiles regardless of the manufacturing companies. The goal of our university research was the introduction and structural development of assembled stone facade cladding in Hungary, a development that continues to this day. The assembled stone cladding system we developed has been used to cover the facades of thousands of buildings in Hungary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical, Civil and Environmental Engineering)

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32 pages, 317 KB

Open AccessProject Report

Exploring the Impact of Child Hospitalisation on the Family System: A Qualitative Study Using Framework Analysis

by Lauren Murray, Nicola Doherty and Pauline Adair

Children 2025, 12(9), 1159; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12091159 (registering DOI) - 31 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Child hospitalisation can have emotional, practical, financial, and social sequalae for the family. By understanding the impact and challenges involved, this research can inform clinical practice and interventions to help mitigate the impacts of hospitalisation. Exploring the experiences and realities of child [...] Read more.

Background: Child hospitalisation can have emotional, practical, financial, and social sequalae for the family. By understanding the impact and challenges involved, this research can inform clinical practice and interventions to help mitigate the impacts of hospitalisation. Exploring the experiences and realities of child hospitalisation for main caregivers, extended caregivers, and child siblings is the focus of this research. Method: Semi-structured interviews were designed and conducted. Eight families participated in the research. Three interviews were conducted per family, with a total of twenty-three interviews conducted overall. Interviews were recorded using Microsoft Teams application. Analysis: The interviews underwent analysis employing the Framework Method, uncovering patterns and insights relevant to the impact of child hospitalisation from varying familial perspectives. Results: Overarching themes of emotional impact, relational impact, practicalities, adjustment, communication, and “take-home messages from families” were identified and discussed. Conclusions: By identifying gaps in support, communication barriers, access inequalities, and other implications, targeted clinical interventions and preventions can be developed to empower families and healthcare professionals. This study promotes a greater understanding of the challenges associated with child hospitalisation and signifies the importance of restructuring support systems worldwide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Pediatric Health)

19 pages, 618 KB

Open AccessArticle

After the Act: After-Sex Behaviors and Their Correlates in Straight Chinese Couples

by Sijia Huang, Julie Yang and Pekka Santtila

Sexes 2025, 6(3), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes6030048 (registering DOI) - 31 Aug 2025

Abstract

We examined after-sex behaviors and their associations with relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, intimacy, and sexual dysfunction in heterosexual Chinese couples. Forty-two couples participated in a randomized controlled trial of an online Sensate Focus intervention. They completed survey questions before and after the intervention, [...] Read more.

We examined after-sex behaviors and their associations with relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, intimacy, and sexual dysfunction in heterosexual Chinese couples. Forty-two couples participated in a randomized controlled trial of an online Sensate Focus intervention. They completed survey questions before and after the intervention, reporting on after-sex behaviors, relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, intimacy levels, and sexual dysfunction. The findings revealed that negative after-sex behaviors were associated with decreased relationship satisfaction and sexual satisfaction, particularly for women. Negative after-sex behaviors were also correlated with lower levels of intimacy for both genders studied. Additionally, women who engaged in positive after-sex behaviors reported significantly higher levels of sexual functioning across arousal, desire, and overall satisfaction. Lastly, the Sensate Focus intervention did not influence after-sex behaviors. The findings underscore the therapeutic potential of emphasizing after-sex behaviors in improving sexual functioning and intimacy. Notably, gender differences were observed, with women reporting stronger correlations to these behaviors than men. Full article

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23 pages, 881 KB

Open AccessReview

Generative AI for the Internet of Vehicles: A Review of Advances in Training, Decision-Making, and Security

by Xiaoming Yuan, Xinling Zhang, Aiwen Wang, Jiaxin Zhou, Yingying Du, Qingxu Deng and Lei Liu

Mathematics 2025, 13(17), 2795; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13172795 (registering DOI) - 31 Aug 2025

Abstract

Generative artificial intelligence (GAI) has emerged as a transformative force in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), addressing limitations of traditional AI such as reliance on large labeled datasets and narrow task applicability. This paper aims to systematically review recent advances in applying GAI [...] Read more.

Generative artificial intelligence (GAI) has emerged as a transformative force in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), addressing limitations of traditional AI such as reliance on large labeled datasets and narrow task applicability. This paper aims to systematically review recent advances in applying GAI to the IoV, with a focus on training, decision-making, and security. We begin by introducing the fundamental concepts of vehicular networks and GAI, laying the groundwork for readers to better understand the subsequent sections. Methodologically, we adopt a structured literature review, covering developments in synthetic data generation, dynamic scene reconstruction, traffic flow prediction, anomaly detection, communication management, and resource allocation. In particular, we integrate multimodal GAI capabilities with 5G/6G-enabled edge computing to support low-latency, reliable, and adaptive vehicular network services. Our synthesis identifies key technical challenges, including lightweight model deployment, privacy preservation, and security assurance, and outlines promising future research directions. This review provides a comprehensive reference for advancing intelligent IoV systems through GAI. Full article

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23 pages, 699 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Evolutionary Optimisation of Runge–Kutta Methods for Oscillatory Problems

by Zacharias A. Anastassi

Mathematics 2025, 13(17), 2796; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13172796 (registering DOI) - 31 Aug 2025

Abstract

We propose a new strategy for constructing Runge–Kutta (RK) methods using evolutionary computation techniques, with the goal of directly minimising global error rather than relying on traditional local properties. This approach is general and applicable to a wide range of differential equations. To [...] Read more.

We propose a new strategy for constructing Runge–Kutta (RK) methods using evolutionary computation techniques, with the goal of directly minimising global error rather than relying on traditional local properties. This approach is general and applicable to a wide range of differential equations. To highlight its effectiveness, we apply it to two benchmark problems with oscillatory behaviour: the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation and the N-Body problem (the latter over a long interval), which are central in quantum physics and astronomy, respectively. The method optimises four free coefficients of a sixth-order, eight-stage parametric RK scheme using a novel objective function that compares global error against a benchmark method over a range of step lengths. It overcomes challenges such as local minima in the free coefficient search space and the absence of derivative information of the objective function. Notably, the optimisation relaxes standard RK node bounds (

c_{i} \in [0, 1]

), leading to improved local stability, lower truncation error, and superior global accuracy. The results also reveal structural patterns in coefficient values when targeting high eccentricity and non-sinusoidal problems, offering insight for future RK method design. Full article

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20 pages, 5971 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel UAV- and AI-Based Remote Sensing Approach for Quantitative Monitoring of Jellyfish Populations: A Case Study of Acromitus flagellatus in Qinglan Port

by Fang Zhang, Shuo Wang, Yanhao Qiu, Nan Wang, Song Sun and Hongsheng Bi

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(17), 3020; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17173020 (registering DOI) - 31 Aug 2025

Abstract

The frequency of jellyfish blooms in marine ecosystems has been rising globally, attracting significant attention from the scientific community and the general public. Low-altitude remote sensing with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) offers a promising approach for rapid, large-scale, and automated image acquisition, making [...] Read more.

The frequency of jellyfish blooms in marine ecosystems has been rising globally, attracting significant attention from the scientific community and the general public. Low-altitude remote sensing with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) offers a promising approach for rapid, large-scale, and automated image acquisition, making it an effective tool for jellyfish population monitoring. This study employed UAVs for extensive sea surface surveys, achieving quantitative monitoring of the spatial distribution of jellyfish and optimizing flight altitude through gradient experiments. We developed a “bell diameter measurement model” for estimating jellyfish bell diameters from aerial images and used the Mask R-CNN algorithm to identify and count jellyfish automatically. This method was tested in Qinglan Port, where we monitored Acromitus flagellatus populations from mid-April to mid-May 2021 and late May 2023. Our results show that the UAVs can monitor jellyfish with bell diameters of 5 cm or more, and the optimal flight height is 100–150 m. The bell diameter measurement model, defined as L = 0.0103 × H × N + 0.1409, showed no significant deviation from field measurements. Compared to visual identification by human experts, the automated method achieved high accuracy while reducing labor and time costs. Case analysis revealed that the abundance of A. flagellatus in Qinglan Port initially increased and then decreased from mid-April to mid-May 2021, displaying a distinct patchy distribution. During this period, the average bell diameter gradually increased from 15.0 ± 3.4 cm to 15.5 ± 4.3 cm, with observed sizes ranging from 8.2 to 24.5 cm. This study introduces a novel, efficient, and cost-effective UAV-based method for quantitative monitoring of large jellyfish populations in surface waters, with broad applicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Applications of Remote Sensing in Monitoring Marine Environment (Second Edition))

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10 pages, 332 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid Nanopore Sequencing to Identify Bacteria Causing Prosthetic Joint Infections

by Hollie Wilkinson, Karina Wright, Helen S. McCarthy, Jade Perry, Charlotte Hulme, Niall Steele, Benjamin Burston, Rob Townsend and Paul Cool

Antibiotics 2025, 14(9), 879; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14090879 (registering DOI) - 31 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection remains difficult. Microbiological cultures frequently have false-positive and false-negative results. This study investigates whether rapid nanopore sequencing can be used to aid the identification of bacteria causing prosthetic joint infection for more timely identification and treatment. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection remains difficult. Microbiological cultures frequently have false-positive and false-negative results. This study investigates whether rapid nanopore sequencing can be used to aid the identification of bacteria causing prosthetic joint infection for more timely identification and treatment. Methods: Nineteen patients who had revision surgery following total joint arthroplasty were included in this study. Of these, 15 patients had an infected joint arthroplasty. All patients had joint fluid aspirated at the time of revision surgery. The DNA was extracted from these fluid aspirates, and rapid nanopore sequencing was performed using the MinION device from Oxford Nanopore Technologies. The sequencing data was trimmed to improve quality and filtered to remove human reads using bioinformatic tools. Genomic sequence classification was performed using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. The results were filtered by read length and sequence identity score. The European Bone and Joint Infection Society criteria were used as a standard to identify infected and not infected patients. Confusion tables were used to calculate accuracy and F1 score based on this criteria and the nanopore sequencing results. Results: Microbiological cultures and nanopore sequencing had an accuracy of 68% and 74%, respectively. However, combining both results predicted infection accurately in 94% of cases (F1 score 96%). Conclusions: Nanopore sequencing has the potential to aid identification of bacteria causing prosthetic joint infection and may be useful as a supplementary diagnostic tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periprosthetic Joint Infection: Understanding the Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment Options)

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14 pages, 2266 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Sperm Retrieval Efficiency and Extender Impact in Cryopreserved Canine Epididymal Semen

by Elisabeth Bernklau, Axel Wehrend and Abbas Farshad

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(9), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12090840 (registering DOI) - 31 Aug 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa in dogs is challenging due to their lower cryotolerance compared to ejaculated spermatozoa. Given the limited sperm volume obtained per individual, efficient recovery and preservation techniques are essential. (2) Methods: This study assessed sperm collection and cryopreservation [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Cryopreservation of epididymal spermatozoa in dogs is challenging due to their lower cryotolerance compared to ejaculated spermatozoa. Given the limited sperm volume obtained per individual, efficient recovery and preservation techniques are essential. (2) Methods: This study assessed sperm collection and cryopreservation methods from the cauda epididymis of ten dogs undergoing routine elective castration. After dissection and mincing, the cauda epididymidis tissue was incubated in 0.9% saline at 38 °C for either 10- or 30-min. Samples were analyzed for concentration and motility using AndroVision^® software (CASA; AndroVision™; Minitüb GmbH) (Tiefenbach, Germany). Additional evaluations included histological examination, hypoosmotic swelling test, live/dead staining, and morphological assessments. Three extenders, custom-made Tris-Fructose-Citrate (Tris), custom-made Uppsala, and commercial Optixcell^®, were used for cryopreservation and compared for post-thaw sperm quality. (3) Results: No significant differences were found between the 10- and 30-min incubation groups regarding sperm motility, viability, or histological integrity. The total sperm counts were 292 × 10⁶ ± 175 × 10⁶ for the 10 min group and 233 × 10⁶ ± 162 × 10⁶ for the 30 min group (p = 0.56). Histological sections revealed no significant difference in residual intraluminal spermatozoa between groups, indicating that 10 min of incubation is sufficient for effective sperm migration. Post-thaw sperm motility was significantly higher with Uppsala (17.2 ± 12.2%) and Optixcell^® (11.7 ± 6.5%) compared to Tris (4.7 ± 4.8%). Morphological abnormalities were lowest in samples preserved with Optixcell^® (37.5 ± 10.1%, p = 0.005). (4) Conclusion: A 10 min incubation period is adequate for efficient recovery of epididymal sperm in dogs. Among the tested extenders, Uppsala and Optixcell^® demonstrated superior cryoprotective effects, resulting in better post-thaw motility and reduced morphological abnormalities compared to Tris. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)

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33 pages, 8411 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metaheuristic Optimization of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Under Asymmetric Cost-Reliability Objectives: NSGA-II and MOPSO Approaches

by Amal Hadj Slama, Lotfi Saidi, Majdi Saidi and Mohamed Benbouzid

Symmetry 2025, 17(9), 1412; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17091412 (registering DOI) - 31 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the asymmetric trade-off between cost and reliability in the optimal sizing of stand-alone Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRESs) composed of photovoltaic panels (PV), wind turbines (WT), battery storage, a diesel generator (DG), and an inverter. The optimization is formulated as [...] Read more.

This study investigates the asymmetric trade-off between cost and reliability in the optimal sizing of stand-alone Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRESs) composed of photovoltaic panels (PV), wind turbines (WT), battery storage, a diesel generator (DG), and an inverter. The optimization is formulated as a multi-objective problem with Cost of Energy (CoE) and Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) as conflicting objectives, highlighting that those small gains in reliability often require disproportionately higher costs. To ensure practical feasibility, the installation roof area limits both the number of PV panels, wind turbines, and batteries. Two metaheuristic algorithms—NSGA-II and MOPSO—are implemented in a Python-based framework with an Energy Management Strategy (EMS) to simulate operation under real-world load and resource profiles. Results show that MOPSO achieves the lowest CoE (0.159 USD/kWh) with moderate reliability (LPSP = 0.06), while NSGA-II attains a near-perfect reliability (LPSP = 0.0008) at a slightly higher cost (0.179 USD/kWh). Hypervolume (HV) analysis reveals that NSGA-II offers a more diverse Pareto front (HV = 0.04350 vs. 0.04336), demonstrating that explicitly accounting for asymmetric sensitivity between cost and reliability enhances the HRES design and that advanced optimization methods—particularly NSGA-II—can improve decision-making by revealing a wider range of viable trade-offs in complex energy systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Symmetry/Asymmetry in Artificial Intelligence and Deep Metaheuristics)

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21 pages, 11808 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Slope Adaptive Bathymetric Method by Integrating ICESat-2 ATL03 Data with Sentinel-2 Images

by Jizhe Li, Sensen Chu, Qixin Hu, Ziyang Qu, Jinghao Zhang and Liang Cheng

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(17), 3019; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17173019 (registering DOI) - 31 Aug 2025

Abstract

The detection of seafloor signal photons in various topographies is challenging. Previous research has divided photons into clusters based solely on their density, which is closely related to the settings of the empirical parameters. Inappropriate parameters may mistakenly identify the water column noise [...] Read more.

The detection of seafloor signal photons in various topographies is challenging. Previous research has divided photons into clusters based solely on their density, which is closely related to the settings of the empirical parameters. Inappropriate parameters may mistakenly identify the water column noise photons as seafloor photons. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces a novel slope iterative adaptive filter (SIAF) method that innovatively integrates ICESat-2 ATL03 photon data with Sentinel-2-derived topographic slopes. Inspired by satellite-derived bathymetry, we extracted topographic slopes from multispectral images as auxiliary information to guide the photon extraction. The initial slope estimation was derived from the multispectral images, and the optimal slope direction was determined iteratively, using the detected signal photons in each step. The average and maximum overall accuracies of SIAF were 93.43% and 95.7%, respectively. The validation of the extraction results with sonar data indicated that the SIAF achieved an average root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.49 m. Crucially, the SIAF resolves critical shortcomings of prior techniques: (1) it avoids the isotropic assumption of density-based methods, (2) it mitigates AVEBM’s vulnerability to noise in steep-slope regions, and (3) it enables robust automation without manual parameter tuning. Consequently, SIAF proved to be an efficient approach for the automatic mapping of water depths in shallow-water zones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Space-Geodetic Techniques (Third Edition))

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21 pages, 5417 KB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of a Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm with a Hooke’s Potential, to Obtain Cluster Structures of Carbon Atoms, and of Tungsten and Oxygen in the Ground State

by Jesús Núñez, Gustavo Liendo-Polanco, Jesús Lezama, Diego Venegas-Yazigi, José Rengel, Ulises Guevara, Pablo Díaz, Eduardo Cisternas, Tamara González-Vega, Laura M. Pérez and David Laroze

Inorganics 2025, 13(9), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13090293 (registering DOI) - 31 Aug 2025

Abstract

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a metaheuristic optimization technique based on population behavior, inspired by the movement of a flock of birds or a school of fish. In this method, particles move in a search space to find the global minimum of an [...] Read more.

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a metaheuristic optimization technique based on population behavior, inspired by the movement of a flock of birds or a school of fish. In this method, particles move in a search space to find the global minimum of an objective function. In this work, a modified PSO algorithm written in Fortran 90 is proposed. The optimized structures obtained with this algorithm are compared with those obtained using the basin-hopping (BH) method written in Python (3.10), and complemented with density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the Gaussian 09 software. Additionally, the results are compared with the structural parameters reported from single crystal X-ray diffraction data for carbon clusters

C_{n}

(n = 3–5), and tungsten–oxygen clusters,

{WO}_{n}^{m -}

(n = 4–6,

m = 2, 4, 6

). The PSO algorithm performs the search for the minimum energy of a harmonic potential function in a hyperdimensional space

\in R^{3 N}

(where N is the number of atoms in the system), updating the global best position (

g_{b e s t}

) and local best position (

p_{b e s t}

), as well as the velocity and position vectors for each swarm cluster. A good approximation of the optimized structures and energies of these clusters was obtained, compared to the geometric optimization and single-point electronic energies calculated with the BH and DFT methods in the Gaussian 09 software. These results suggest that the PSO method, due to its low computational cost, could be useful for approximating a molecular structure associated with the global minimum of potential energy, accelerating the prediction of the most stable configuration or conformation, prior to ab initio electronic structure calculation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical and Quantum Electronics: Physics and Materials)

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18 pages, 525 KB

Open AccessArticle

α-Selective Glycosidation of the Rare Sugar d-Tagatofuranose and the Synthesis of α-d-Tagatofuranosylceramide

by Yui Makura, Akihiro Iyoshi, Makito Horiuchi, Yiming Hu, Masakazu Tanaka and Atsushi Ueda

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(17), 8459; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178459 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

d-Tagatose is a rare sugar that exhibits intriguing biological properties, such as its role as a low-calorie sweetener and its ability to reduce the glycemic response. Consequently, the synthesis of d-tagatose derivatives is a crucial endeavor for the advancement of their [...] Read more.

d-Tagatose is a rare sugar that exhibits intriguing biological properties, such as its role as a low-calorie sweetener and its ability to reduce the glycemic response. Consequently, the synthesis of d-tagatose derivatives is a crucial endeavor for the advancement of their functionalities, as well as elucidation of their biological properties. In this study, we present the α-selective glycosidation of a 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoylated d-tagatofuranosyl donor with various glycosyl acceptors. In contrast to d-allulose, which is the C3,C4-epimer of d-tagatose and does not exhibit the neighboring group effect, the current d-tagatofuranosyl donor demonstrated significant neighboring group participation, achieving high α-selectivity ratios up to α:β = 99:1. This method was also applicable to the synthesis of α-d-tagatofuranosylceramide, which has potential as a novel functional molecule. Meanwhile, the glycosylation of sterically congested glycosyl acceptors, such as 2-hydroxycumene, resulted in poor α-selectivity, which may be attributed to the interaction with the C1-benzoyloxy group of d-tagatofuranosyl donors in the transition state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterocyclic Compounds: Synthesis, Design, and Biological Activity)

14 pages, 11022 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Properties of Cation-Substituted Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Zn_2−xMe_xFe₁₆O₂₇ (Me = Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn) W-Type Hexagonal Ferrites

by Jae-Hee Heo and Young-Min Kang

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9586; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179586 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

W-type hexaferrites with compositions Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Zn_2-xMe_xFe₁₆O₂₇ (Me = Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn; x = 1) and Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Zn_2−xMn_xFe₁₆O₂₇ (x [...] Read more.

W-type hexaferrites with compositions Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Zn_2-xMe_xFe₁₆O₂₇ (Me = Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn; x = 1) and Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Zn_2−xMn_xFe₁₆O₂₇ (x = 0–2.0) were synthesized via solid-state reaction and optimized using a two-step calcination process to obtain single-phase or nearly single-phase structures. Their electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption properties were investigated by fabricating composites with 10 wt% epoxy and measuring the complex permittivity and permeability across two frequency bands: 0.1–18 GHz and 26.5–40 GHz. Reflection loss (RL) was calculated and visualized as two-dimensional (2D) maps with respect to frequency and sample thickness. In the 0.1–18 GHz range, only the Co-substituted sample exhibited strong ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and broadband absorption, achieving a minimum RL of –41.5 dB at 4.84 GHz and a –10 dB bandwidth of 11.8 GHz. In contrast, the other Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Zn_2-xMe_xFe₁₆O₂₇ samples (Me = Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu) showed no significant absorption in this range due to the absence of FMR. However, all these samples clearly exhibited FMR characteristics and distinct absorption peaks in the 26.5–40 GHz range, particularly the Mn-substituted series, which demonstrated RL values below –10 dB over the 32.0–40 GHz range with absorber thicknesses below 1 mm. The FMR frequency varied depending on the substitution type and amount. In the Mn-substituted series, the FMR frequency was lowest at x = 1.0 and increased as x deviated from this composition. This study confirms the potential of Co-free W-type hexaferrites as efficient, cost-effective, and broadband EM wave absorbers in the 26.5–40 GHz range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Composite Materials)

16 pages, 302 KB

Open AccessReview

Hand Surgery Anaesthesia Innovations: Balancing Efficiency, Cost, and Comfort with WALANT, Ultrasound, and Emerging Adjuncts—A Narrative Review

by Omar Shadid, Jennifer Novo, Raj Saini, Gianluca Marcaccini, Brett K. Sacks, Warren M. Rozen, Ishith Seth and Roberto Cuomo

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(17), 6146; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176146 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Hand surgery is increasingly transitioning from hospital operating theatres to outpatient settings, requiring anaesthetic methods that are efficient, cost-effective, and patient-centred. Traditional anaesthesia, such as general anaesthesia, poses challenges including prolonged recovery and physiological stress. Novel strategies, such as Wide-Awake Local Anaesthesia [...] Read more.

Background: Hand surgery is increasingly transitioning from hospital operating theatres to outpatient settings, requiring anaesthetic methods that are efficient, cost-effective, and patient-centred. Traditional anaesthesia, such as general anaesthesia, poses challenges including prolonged recovery and physiological stress. Novel strategies, such as Wide-Awake Local Anaesthesia No Tourniquet (WALANT), ultrasound-guided distal nerve blocks, and adjunctive approaches (vapocoolant spray, patient-controlled regional analgesia, cryoanalgesia, jet injectors), have emerged to address these limitations. This narrative review consolidates current evidence regarding the efficacy, applicability, and economic implications of these evolving anaesthesia techniques. Methods: A literature search was conducted across MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, and Scopus databases up to 1 June 2025. Inclusion criteria were English-language original studies on WALANT, vapocoolant sprays, ultrasound-guided distal nerve blocks, or emerging adjunctive anaesthesia methods applicable to hand and upper limb surgery. Exclusion criteria included non-English publications and those without original clinical data. Two independent reviewers screened and selected studies, ensuring relevance and methodological quality. Results: WALANT can provide high patient satisfaction, cost savings of 70–85%, and allow for real-time functional testing during surgery. Ultrasound-guided nerve blocks provided targeted analgesia, preserved elbow function, reduced the need for sedation, and improved perioperative efficiency. Adjuncts such as vapocoolant sprays significantly decreased needle-injection discomfort, offering quick and economical analgesia for superficial procedures. Other emerging adjuncts, including patient-controlled regional anaesthesia (PCRA), cryoanalgesia, and jet injectors, offered additional patient-tailored pain management options, although with higher resource demands. Conclusions: The review highlights the transformative potential of WALANT and adjunctive techniques to enhance efficiency, patient experience, and cost-effectiveness in hand surgery. Despite clear benefits, optimal application requires tailored patient selection, clinician familiarity, and consideration of procedure-specific demands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: Cutting-Edge Expert Perspective)

12 pages, 2796 KB

Open AccessArticle

Wedge Osteotomy of the Maxilla for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) Through Virtual Surgical Planning, CAD/CAM Technology: Consecutive Case Series

by Antonio Scarano, Roberto Pistilli, Flavio Andrea Govoni, Silvio Di Nezza, Luca Tarascio, Filippo Pica, Luca De Paolis, Alessandra Celebrini, Vinicio Magliacani, Gianluca Bellocchi and Vincenzo Antonio Marcelli

Surgeries 2025, 6(3), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/surgeries6030074 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

Orthognathic surgery, particularly maxillomandibular advancement (MMA), has emerged as an effective therapeutic option for patients with moderate to severe OSA who are refractory to conventional treatments. The wedge osteotomy of the maxilla, often performed in combination with mandibular surgery, can be a surgical [...] Read more.

Orthognathic surgery, particularly maxillomandibular advancement (MMA), has emerged as an effective therapeutic option for patients with moderate to severe OSA who are refractory to conventional treatments. The wedge osteotomy of the maxilla, often performed in combination with mandibular surgery, can be a surgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This case series report describes 6 OSA patients without anteroposterior maxillary deficiency who were treated with wedge osteotomy of the maxilla. Material and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 6 patients who underwent maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), all operated on consecutively by the same surgeon between 2018 and 2024 at the Maxillofacial Surgery of San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, in Rome, Italy. Patients were evaluated using a CAD/CAM-assisted approach. A pre- and postoperative comparative analysis was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the surgical treatment in improving OSA-related parameters. Maxillary wedge osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split osteotomies (BSSO) of the mandibular ramus were digitally planned. Results: The comparison between preoperative and postoperative CT scans, along with 3D reconstructions generated using dedicated software, revealed a counterclockwise rotation of the occlusal plane, resulting in a mandibular advancement of approximately 13 mm. The CT shows a significant increase in airway volume following the skeletal repositioning. The airway volume increased from 20.665 ± 546 mm³ to 27.177 ± 446 mm³. Conclusions: Counterclockwise rotational orthognathic surgery without maxillary advancement has been shown to effectively enlarge the posterior pharyngeal space while also delivering excellent esthetic outcomes. Full article

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19 pages, 14199 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Fabrication of Dialdehyde Cellulose/PVA Films Incorporating Carbon Quantum Dots for Active Packaging Applications

by Tanpong Chaiwarit, Rangsan Panyathip, Sastra Yuantrakul, Kwanjit Duangsonk, Pattaraporn Panraksa, Pornchai Rachtanapun, Kittisak Jantanasakulwong and Pensak Jantrawut

Polymers 2025, 17(17), 2370; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17172370 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

Active packaging supports sustainable development by extending food shelf life and reducing spoilage, contributing to global food security. In this study, cellulose dialdehyde was synthesized and blended with polyvinyl alcohol in varying ratios to produce composite films. The incorporation of dialdehyde cellulose into [...] Read more.

Active packaging supports sustainable development by extending food shelf life and reducing spoilage, contributing to global food security. In this study, cellulose dialdehyde was synthesized and blended with polyvinyl alcohol in varying ratios to produce composite films. The incorporation of dialdehyde cellulose into films tended to increase puncture strength and Young’s modulus, decrease elongation, reduce water solubility, and enhance resistance to water vapor transmission because of crosslinking. Carbon quantum dots were subsequently incorporated into composite films to enhance their antibacterial property. This represents a novel combination of a natural bio-based crosslinker and fluorescent nanomaterials in a single packaging system. Carbon quantum dots were synthesized by an electrochemical method and incorporated as functional agents. The addition of carbon quantum dots influenced the mechanical properties of the films due to interactions between polymers and carbon quantum dots. This interaction also slightly reduced the antibacterial effectiveness of the films, consisting of dialdehyde cellulose and PVA in ratios of 3:1 and 4:0. Nevertheless, the composite films maintained sufficient antimicrobial activity against common foodborne bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium. Overall, the findings demonstrate that multifunctional material made from dialdehyde cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, and carbon quantum dots are a promising alternative to conventional plastic packaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)

13 pages, 1086 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Predictive Role of Video Head Impulse Testing Patterns of Anti-Compensatory Saccades Using the Suppression Head Impulse Paradigm for the Diagnosis of Mild Acute Unilateral Vestibular Loss

by Cristiano Balzanelli, Fabio Pontara and Luca Oscar Redaelli de Zinis

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(5), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15050110 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: To evaluate the predictive role of anti-compensatory saccades in diagnosing mild acute unilateral vestibular loss. Methods: Consecutive patients with vertigo who underwent a bedside vestibular evaluation and video head impulse testing of the horizontal semicircular canal at the San Bernardino Outpatient Clinic [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: To evaluate the predictive role of anti-compensatory saccades in diagnosing mild acute unilateral vestibular loss. Methods: Consecutive patients with vertigo who underwent a bedside vestibular evaluation and video head impulse testing of the horizontal semicircular canal at the San Bernardino Outpatient Clinic in Salò, Italy, between 1 January and 30 June 2024 were examined (Group 1). Two control groups were considered: patients with severe unilateral acute vestibular loss (Group 2) and healthy subjects (Group 3). The video head impulse testing patterns of anti-compensatory saccades (amplitude, scattered pattern, and latency) using the suppression head impulse paradigm were analyzed to evaluate their predictive role in identifying horizontal canal dysfunction, even when borderline gain values of the canal’s vestibulo-ocular reflex were present. Results: Group 1 included 74 patients, Group 2 included 20 patients, and Group 3 included 20 healthy, voluntary subjects. The anti-compensatory saccades revealed significant differences in the amplitudes and scattered patterns between the two ears, exclusively in Groups 1 and 2. Conclusions: The anti-compensatory saccades alterations using the suppression head impulse paradigm can predict mild acute unilateral vestibular loss, even when the horizontal semicircular canal’s vestibulo-ocular reflex gain values are mild (lower borderline). Conversely, a borderline asymmetry of the horizontal semicircular canal’s vestibulo-ocular reflex using the classic head impulse paradigm should not be considered a marker of mild acute unilateral vestibular loss when the saccadic pattern is symmetrical using the suppression head impulse paradigm. Further meticulous differential diagnostic investigations are necessary in such cases to effectively diagnose horizontal semicircular canal dysfunction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Balance)

23 pages, 385 KB

Open AccessReview

Vectors on the Move: How Climate Change Fuels the Spread of Arboviruses in Europe

by Giulia Carbone, Giulia Boiardi, Claudia Infantino, Daniela Cunico and Susanna Esposito

Microorganisms 2025, 13(9), 2034; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13092034 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

Climate change is increasingly recognized as a major driver of emerging infectious diseases, particularly vector-borne diseases (VBDs), which are expanding in range and intensity worldwide. Europe, traditionally considered low-risk for many arboviral infections, is now experiencing autochthonous transmission of pathogens such as dengue, [...] Read more.

Climate change is increasingly recognized as a major driver of emerging infectious diseases, particularly vector-borne diseases (VBDs), which are expanding in range and intensity worldwide. Europe, traditionally considered low-risk for many arboviral infections, is now experiencing autochthonous transmission of pathogens such as dengue, chikungunya, Zika virus, West Nile virus, malaria, and leishmaniasis. Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and milder winters have facilitated the establishment and spread of competent vectors, including Aedes, Anopheles, Phlebotomus, and Culex species, in previously non-endemic areas. These climatic shifts not only impact vector survival and distribution but also influence vector competence and pathogen development, ultimately increasing transmission potential. This narrative review explores the complex relationship between climate change and VBDs, with a particular focus on pediatric populations. It highlights how children may experience distinct clinical manifestations and complications, and how current data on pediatric burden remain limited for several emerging infections. Through an analysis of existing literature and reported outbreaks in Europe, this review underscores the urgent need for enhanced surveillance, integrated vector control strategies, and climate-adapted public health policies. Finally, it outlines research priorities to better anticipate and mitigate future disease emergence in the context of global warming. Understanding and addressing this evolving risk is essential to safeguard public health and to protect vulnerable populations, particularly children, in a rapidly changing climate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Genetic, Environmental, and Climatic Drivers of Emerging Arboviruses and Public Health Implications)

17 pages, 1348 KB

Open AccessArticle

Substantiation of a Rational Model of an Induction Motor in a Predictive Energy-Efficient Control System

by Grygorii Diachenko, Ivan Laktionov, Dariusz Sala, Michał Pyzalski, Oleksandr Balakhontsev and Yuliya Pazynich

Energies 2025, 18(17), 4628; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18174628 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

The development and implementation of scientifically substantiated solutions for the improvement and modernization of electromechanical devices, systems, and complexes, including electric drives, is an urgent theoretical and applied task for energetics, industry, transport, and other key areas, both in global and national contexts. [...] Read more.

The development and implementation of scientifically substantiated solutions for the improvement and modernization of electromechanical devices, systems, and complexes, including electric drives, is an urgent theoretical and applied task for energetics, industry, transport, and other key areas, both in global and national contexts. The aim of this paper is to identify a rational model of an induction motor that balances computational simplicity and control system performance based on predictive approaches while ensuring maximum energy efficiency and reference tracking during the operation in dynamic modes. Five main mathematical models of an induction machine with different levels of detail have been selected. Three predictive control models have been implemented using GRAMPC (v 2.2), Matlab MPC Toolbox (v 24.1), and fmincon (R2024a) (from Matlab Optimization Toolbox). It has been established that in the dynamic mode of operation, the equivalent induction motor circuit with parameters ,R_fe = const, L_μ = f(I_1d), and T_F= f(ω_Rm) is the most appropriate in terms of the following criteria: accuracy of control action generation, computation speed, and calculation of energy consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Electric Machine Optimization and Energy Efficiency Enhancement)

22 pages, 2934 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Deciphering α-L-Fucosidase Activity Contribution in Human and Mouse: Tissue α-L-Fucosidase FUCA1 Meets Plasma α-L-Fucosidase FUCA2

by Hannah Bäumges, Svenja Jelinek, Heike Lange, Sandra Markmann, Emanuela Capriotti, Jan Anwar Häusser, Mai-Britt Ilse, Thomas Braulke and Torben Lübke

Cells 2025, 14(17), 1355; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14171355 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

Fucose-containing glycoproteins and glycolipids broadly occur in humans as well as in many other species and are essential for a wide range of physiological processes, such as cell adhesion, fertilization, and tumor development. In humans, the cellular degradation of various fucosylated glycoconjugates depends [...] Read more.

Fucose-containing glycoproteins and glycolipids broadly occur in humans as well as in many other species and are essential for a wide range of physiological processes, such as cell adhesion, fertilization, and tumor development. In humans, the cellular degradation of various fucosylated glycoconjugates depends on the FUCA1-encoded lysosomal tissue α-L-fucosidase (FUCA1). The crucial role of FUCA1 is reflected by the severe lysosomal storage disease fucosidosis, which causes a massive accumulation of fucosylated glycans, glycolipids, and α(1,6)-fucosylated glycoasparagines. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that FUCA1 is predominantly responsible for the degradation of fucosylated glycoconjugates, although a second, functionally uncharacterized α-L-fucosidase, the plasma α-L-fucosidase (FUCA2), is known. To investigate the impact of both fucosidases in more detail, we generated two different monoclonal antibodies as useful tools for the detection of human and murine FUCA1 and utilized a FUCA2-specific antibody to demonstrate that FUCA2 is a bona fide lysosomal protein that is sorted in a mannose 6-phosphate (M6P)-dependent manner. We then compared FUCA1 and FUCA2 upon ectopic expression and evaluated their enzyme activity profiles under various conditions. Untagged and differently tagged versions of FUCA1 exhibited α-L-fucosidase activity, while various FUCA2 derivatives, even after affinity purification, did not show any fucosidase activity against commonly used pseudo-substrates. Our findings suggest that FUCA1 and not FUCA2 is exclusively responsible for the lysosomal de-fucosylation of glycoconjugates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Lysosomal Storage Disorders)

23 pages, 1200 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Morphological Diversity, Yield Components, and Seed Biochemical Composition in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Landraces

by Tsvetelina Stoilova, Sofiya Petrova and Lyudmila Simova-Stoilova

Agriculture 2025, 15(17), 1856; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15171856 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a staple legume crop for the Balkan Peninsula, mainly used for food. A large range of landraces well adapted to the local climate are maintained by farmers. The aim of this study was to estimate [...] Read more.

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a staple legume crop for the Balkan Peninsula, mainly used for food. A large range of landraces well adapted to the local climate are maintained by farmers. The aim of this study was to estimate in field conditions the variability in morphology and seed biochemical composition of fourteen local common bean genotypes. Sixteen morphological and three biological characteristics were evaluated. Considerable morphological variation was found among genotypes. Thirteen genotypes possessed a determinate growth habit, and one of them an indeterminate one. Plant weight without pods, total weight, and the number and weight of pods per plant displayed the highest variation coefficient (CV%) with 54.5, 44.2, 45, and 37.6%, respectively. According to the seed shape, the variation was among kidney, cuboid, and oval. Seed energy value varied from 339 to 347 kcal/100 g, the amount of protein from 21.8 to 27%, lipids content from 1.6 to 2.5%, carbohydrates from 54 to 60%, ash from 4.6 to 5.4%, dietary fibers from 3.3 to 5.9%, tannins from 14 to 21%, phenols from 1.3 to 17.2 mg/g, and antitrypsin activity from 1.2 to 3.1 units/mg FW. Genotypes were classified according to the earliness, plant and seed characteristics, and yield. Genetic material was discerned useful for future research and breeding purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity Assessment and Phenotypic Characterization of Crops)

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16 pages, 1460 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Spatial Relationship Between the Incisive Canal (IC) and Apical Region of the Maxillary Central Incisors in the Korean Population Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) for Implant Planning

by Alicia Woo Seo II, Young Sam Kim, Young Min Park, Ugo Covani, Jeremy Song, Augusto Arrighi, Andrea Butera and Giovanni Battista Menchini-Fabris

Surgeries 2025, 6(3), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/surgeries6030075 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial relationship between the incisive canal (IC) and apical region of the maxillary central incisors in the Korean population, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging. The findings are intended to inform and [...] Read more.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial relationship between the incisive canal (IC) and apical region of the maxillary central incisors in the Korean population, using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging. The findings are intended to inform and improve the planning and execution of immediate implant placement in the maxillary esthetic zone. Materials and methods: CBCT data were collected from 94 patients (48 men, 46 women) aged 20–79 years at Gangnam Dental Clinic, Seoul, South Korea. The sample was divided according to age into three groups: 20–39 years, 40–59 years, and 60–79 years. Exclusion criteria included missing maxillary anterior teeth, severe crowding, periodontitis, pathology, and image artifacts. Measurements of the distance from the root apex to the incisive canal (RIC-11-P, RIC-21-P) and from the root apex to the buccal bone (RBB-11-B, RBB-21-B) were taken from CBCT images. Statistical analyses were conducted using Welch’s t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean distances from the root apex to the incisive canal were 3.77 mm (RIC-11-P) and 3.62 mm (RIC-21-P), while the mean distances to the buccal bone were 0.86 mm and 0.94 mm, respectively. Males exhibited significantly greater distances compared to females, both in the NPC-to-root apex and buccal bone measurements. Age-related variations were observed, with younger individuals showing shorter distances from the IC to the root apex. However, ANOVA tests and Pearson correlation analysis indicated no statistically significant correlation in these distances across different age groups. The study highlights significant gender differences in maxillary central incisor anatomy, with males having larger distances from the root apex to both the IC and buccal bone, which has implications for implant placement. While age-related changes were observed, they did not significantly affect the mean distances in a statistically meaningful way. Conclusions: These findings underscore the need for personalized treatment planning in immediate implant placement, particularly in relation to gender and age. Comparisons with other population studies suggest that these anatomical differences may be consistent across various ethnic groups, though individual variance factors should still be considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Surgery and Care)

25 pages, 5627 KB

Open AccessArticle

Combustion and Emission Analysis of NH₃-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engines Using Multi-Objective Response Surface Optimization

by Omar I. Awad, Mohammed Kamil, Ahmed Burhan, Kumaran Kadirgama, Zhenbin Chen, Omar Khalaf Mohammed and Ahmed Alobaid

Atmosphere 2025, 16(9), 1032; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16091032 (registering DOI) - 30 Aug 2025

Abstract

As internal combustion engines (ICEs) remain dominant in maritime transport, reducing their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is critical to meeting IMO’s decarbonization targets. Ammonia (NH₃) has gained attention as a carbon-free fuel due to its zero CO₂ emissions and high [...] Read more.

As internal combustion engines (ICEs) remain dominant in maritime transport, reducing their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is critical to meeting IMO’s decarbonization targets. Ammonia (NH₃) has gained attention as a carbon-free fuel due to its zero CO₂ emissions and high hydrogen density. However, its low flame speed and high ignition temperature pose combustion challenges. This study investigates the combustion and emission performance of NH₃-diesel dual-fuel engines, applying Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for multi-objective optimization of key operating parameters: ammonia fraction (AF: 0–30%), engine speed (1200–1600 rpm), and altitude (0–2000 m). Experimental results reveal that increasing AF led to a reduction in Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) from 39.2% to 37.4%, while significantly decreasing NOₓ emissions by 82%, Total hydrocarbon emissions (THC) by 61%, and CO₂ emissions by 36%. However, the ignition delay increased from 8.2 to 10.8 crank angle degrees (CAD) and unburned NH₃ exceeded 6500 ppm, indicating higher incomplete combustion risks at high AF. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed AF as the most influential factor, contributing up to 82.3% of the variability in unburned NH₃ and 53.6% in NOₓ. The optimal operating point, identified via desirability analysis, was 20% AF at 1200 rpm and sea level altitude, achieving a BTE of 37.4%, NOₓ of 457 ppm, and unburned NH₃ of 6386 ppm with a desirability index of 0.614. These findings suggest that controlled NH₃ addition, combined with proper speed tuning, can significantly reduce emissions while maintaining engine efficiency in dual-fuel configurations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogen and Combustion Emissions: Atmospheric Pathways, NOₓ Impacts, and Clean Energy Futures)

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